As a teacher, obviously you have to face a lot of difficulties. One of them is to prevent the students from cheating during the exams. This one is really important as you never want a ‘cheater’ to top the class. So, to prevent cheating, first you have to think like a cheater! Then you will be able to detect and prevent cheating. However, to make your life easier, here are some ways that cheaters usually use-
• Copying from someone else is the safest technique to cheat. Students sometimes form a group and sit together in the exam hall according to their planning. If there are multiple choices questions (MCQ) or fill in the blanks, they write the answers and put the tick marks in the question paper and passes to each other. One ‘accidentally’ drops the paper on the floor and someone else takes it.
• They can simply exchange the answers by whispering.
• Some people talk to each other but don’t look at each other. So, the teacher standing at a distance does not have a clue about what is going on.
• One can simply copy from someone who is sitting next to him or her.
• Sometimes answers to the MCQs are written serially on a rubber and then exchanged.
• Use of fingers to indicate an answer is probably the oldest method of cheating in the exam.
• Use coughing a set number of times can be used as well.
• Some cheaters write the answers on their body, scale, rubber, and calculator and of course the desk.
• Scientific calculators are widely used save the answers. They can hold text, formulae etc.
• Books or notes are sometimes hidden in the toilet. During the exam, one may go to the toilet with permission and see some of the answers of the questions that have come in the exam.
• Instead of keeping things in the toilet, one can take the photographs of the important questions and can see them in the toilet.
• In the worst case, one can have his / her friend to take the test instead of him / her.
Saturday, June 19, 2010
The One – Word or Holophrastic Stage
It is simply amazing to know and learn how a child acquires the development of language. For parents to watch their child progressing to one word to a two-word sentence is a moment to be captured on video. One of the earliest stages of grammatical growth is the holophrastic stage.
Holophrastic is derived from the Greek word, holophrase. Holophrastic stage is the language period in a child's life, in which the child communicates using a combination of one or two words to express a sentence. This term is categorized in the child language acquisition study of a short phrase that does not have any syntactic structure: mama, all gone, or doggie according to The Oxford Companion to the English Language (481). Most children from 12 to 18 months go through this stage. As well holophrases are known as fixed-phrases which consist of adjectives and nouns.
A child first learns his native language through listening to his/her caretaker. The parent is the most influential role on a child's language development. According to Susan Leitch, the author of A Child Learns to Speak, a parent is the speech and language model in the child's environment, and can change her speech in ways that help the child to learn language. One can do this by repeating words or phrases, pointing or using other gestures when she is talking, or speaking more slowly. All of these things are helpful for children learning language. According to the writer, Marie Clay, language begins for a child when the child is being talked to in the first days of life and throughout the first year.
Leitch includes that noisy environment increases the difficulty of the language-learning task because it is harder for a child to pick out the primary main sounds in words. However, a child will benefit from the time a parent sets aside for talking and playing with him, time free from other distracting noises or activities.
Therefore, the number of holophrastic words the child can say depends on the parent. The word choices and phrases that are used by the child come from the parent’s language. That is why it is very crucial that a child interacts daily with his parents during language development. As well, "the way in which [adults] respond to children's talk determines whether they will continue their efforts or not.” This means parents need to encourage a child to go on talking so that he/she would want to say more.
Holophrastic is derived from the Greek word, holophrase. Holophrastic stage is the language period in a child's life, in which the child communicates using a combination of one or two words to express a sentence. This term is categorized in the child language acquisition study of a short phrase that does not have any syntactic structure: mama, all gone, or doggie according to The Oxford Companion to the English Language (481). Most children from 12 to 18 months go through this stage. As well holophrases are known as fixed-phrases which consist of adjectives and nouns.
A child first learns his native language through listening to his/her caretaker. The parent is the most influential role on a child's language development. According to Susan Leitch, the author of A Child Learns to Speak, a parent is the speech and language model in the child's environment, and can change her speech in ways that help the child to learn language. One can do this by repeating words or phrases, pointing or using other gestures when she is talking, or speaking more slowly. All of these things are helpful for children learning language. According to the writer, Marie Clay, language begins for a child when the child is being talked to in the first days of life and throughout the first year.
Leitch includes that noisy environment increases the difficulty of the language-learning task because it is harder for a child to pick out the primary main sounds in words. However, a child will benefit from the time a parent sets aside for talking and playing with him, time free from other distracting noises or activities.
Therefore, the number of holophrastic words the child can say depends on the parent. The word choices and phrases that are used by the child come from the parent’s language. That is why it is very crucial that a child interacts daily with his parents during language development. As well, "the way in which [adults] respond to children's talk determines whether they will continue their efforts or not.” This means parents need to encourage a child to go on talking so that he/she would want to say more.
The Language Acquisition between the Rural and Urban learners.
The environment has a great impact to a child’s language development it is because a child learns his native language with the people who are with him during his development. If I am to compare a child who was born and stayed at the place which is isolated from the crowd just like the rural areas, the child would have a difficulty in developing the language, one basic example was one of my cousin, Dwayne Justine S. Largo, a 3 year old child, who grew up and was born with his mother and his grandparents only at Mati, Davao Oriental, he experienced difficulty in uttering even a single word even if he is about to turn 2 years old because the people who were taking care of him often interact with him because of their busy life.
The environment as well has a deafening silent because the houses were kilometers away. Unlike a child named Johanne Mikylle L. Mahinay, a 2 year old child living in a place here in Davao City has an advanced development in language because she lived in the place where in the people around her always interact with here as early as 3months. At 2 years old she learns how to utter the phrase “Mama drink water mikka”. I believe the environment plays a big role because during the stages of her language development, the people around here were able to teach and interact with her the native language.
The study merely shows that the holophrastic stage or the one – word utterances of a child depends on the people around him or her from the time he open his eyes in this world. The commands and gestures shown by the caretaker towards the child will be a great affect in learning the native language.
The holophrastic stage is one of the earliest stages of the grammatical level for a child of 12 to 18 months. I strongly believe this is one of the most crucial stages in a child's life. A child learns mostly how to speak the language by observation. It's simply amazing and the beginning of a child trying to communicate in our big world.
The environment as well has a deafening silent because the houses were kilometers away. Unlike a child named Johanne Mikylle L. Mahinay, a 2 year old child living in a place here in Davao City has an advanced development in language because she lived in the place where in the people around her always interact with here as early as 3months. At 2 years old she learns how to utter the phrase “Mama drink water mikka”. I believe the environment plays a big role because during the stages of her language development, the people around here were able to teach and interact with her the native language.
The study merely shows that the holophrastic stage or the one – word utterances of a child depends on the people around him or her from the time he open his eyes in this world. The commands and gestures shown by the caretaker towards the child will be a great affect in learning the native language.
The holophrastic stage is one of the earliest stages of the grammatical level for a child of 12 to 18 months. I strongly believe this is one of the most crucial stages in a child's life. A child learns mostly how to speak the language by observation. It's simply amazing and the beginning of a child trying to communicate in our big world.
Test for writing and oral skills
Test for Writing Skills
1.) You are writing to friend in Indonesia, and this person wants to know all about the Filipino customs and traditions. In his/her previous letter, your Indonesian friend asked you about the holidays in the Philippines and how they are celebrated. You want to describe at least four holidays or festivities- their dates, what they are called, and how people celebrate them. Be sure to use vocabulary in describing it.
2.) You have a lot of friends, and you heard that none of them like each other. You introduced a new friend “Enzo” to your old friend ”Piero”. Complete their conversation.
You: “__________, nice to see you each other again.” “By the way, Piero, this is Enzo, my colleague in Performing Arts Society.
Piero: ____________. Isn’t it our first time?
Enzo: __________, it is our second time around.
You: I have heard that you are not in good terms. I hope it is not true.
Piero: _______! It can’t be.
Enzo: _________, we are both busy that’s why I haven’t enough time to talk to him.
Test for Oral Skills
The students must submit a topic card to their instructor before the day of oral exam. Then, a student draws one topic card made by their classmate. After the students give their impromptu monologue of the topic chosen for three minutes, the instructor asks follow up question based on the information they have provided.
Presumably, the topic drawn by the students is about “internet”. The students include on their monologue the following points:
- Benefits of the internet that has to offer
- Disadvantages of internet
- What is your role as student with respect to the usage of internet?
Questions may be asked by the instructor.
A. What are the negative effects of Internet psychologically?
B. What kind of website does you visited the most? Why?
C. How much did you spend for internet?
D. Does using the internet improve your academic performance? How?
E. If you had a child, do you want to be aware of it or not? Why?
1.) You are writing to friend in Indonesia, and this person wants to know all about the Filipino customs and traditions. In his/her previous letter, your Indonesian friend asked you about the holidays in the Philippines and how they are celebrated. You want to describe at least four holidays or festivities- their dates, what they are called, and how people celebrate them. Be sure to use vocabulary in describing it.
2.) You have a lot of friends, and you heard that none of them like each other. You introduced a new friend “Enzo” to your old friend ”Piero”. Complete their conversation.
You: “__________, nice to see you each other again.” “By the way, Piero, this is Enzo, my colleague in Performing Arts Society.
Piero: ____________. Isn’t it our first time?
Enzo: __________, it is our second time around.
You: I have heard that you are not in good terms. I hope it is not true.
Piero: _______! It can’t be.
Enzo: _________, we are both busy that’s why I haven’t enough time to talk to him.
Test for Oral Skills
The students must submit a topic card to their instructor before the day of oral exam. Then, a student draws one topic card made by their classmate. After the students give their impromptu monologue of the topic chosen for three minutes, the instructor asks follow up question based on the information they have provided.
Presumably, the topic drawn by the students is about “internet”. The students include on their monologue the following points:
- Benefits of the internet that has to offer
- Disadvantages of internet
- What is your role as student with respect to the usage of internet?
Questions may be asked by the instructor.
A. What are the negative effects of Internet psychologically?
B. What kind of website does you visited the most? Why?
C. How much did you spend for internet?
D. Does using the internet improve your academic performance? How?
E. If you had a child, do you want to be aware of it or not? Why?
NEEDS ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Based on the data surveyed from a university, here are the top 10 basic needs of BS Geology Second Year Students.
1. Knowledgeable about the Field methods in Geology
The students’ need in the different field methods is highly needed especially in field works and project reports. It is also important to develop their skills in reading.
2. List the basic fundamentals of Structural Geology
Structural Geology is highly needed in engineering feats and projects, it is very important to know the basic fundamentals of it to fully understand what is the content all about.
3. Outline the geological evolution of an area
It is essential that students must not only focus on the future developments of an area but also to its past geological events. Past geological events resolve the issues facing by the future developments.
4. Scrutinize the Steno’s law
Scrutinizing the Steno’s law is very crucial in the issue that includes geomorphology, geophysics and geochemistry. The students’ knowledge must be augmented to fully understand the geological actions that include computations and reasoning.
5. Analyze the Law of Uniformitarianism
The law of Uniformitarianism along with Steno’s law is highly needed by the students because they need the wide reading about the law, the proponents of it and its legislature to the geological events and developments.
6. Explain the evidences in Polar magnetism
With the advent of climate change in our world nowadays, students’ interest about polar magnetism increases as one of the predictors of atmospheric and weathering change. Explanation about these phenomena is very crucial because geologist must not only good in writing geological reports but also able to address those issues in the real setting.
7. Discuss the Geomorphic processes
The students’ needs in discussing Geomorphic processes in valuable as key contributor to the plate tectonic movements and motion that causes sudden earthquakes and other landforms activity. The students must able to express and transmit ideas with clarity, formality and accurately as the academic setting is concern.
8. Verbalize the coastal and marine processes and landforms
It’s a challenge that the coastal and marine processes have also one of the contributors of geological movement and destruction. Students’ concern is highly needed especially our country is bounded with large oceans and seas. The need to verbalize processes and landforms will help them to fully utilize their knowledge in a real context.
9. Concentrate risk management and project planning
Developing the skills in risk managing and planning are also valuable as our country is subject to different geological movements and destruction. Therefore, the students must able to formulate risk and safety measures to avoid or to lessen destruction caused by geological phenomena.
10. Name the causes of plate motion
Naming the causes of plate motion is significantly one of the large parts that constitute Geology. Therefore, the students’ ability to name the motion under the earth will give a wide study on the causes that might also contributing factor that changes Geological landforms.
1. Knowledgeable about the Field methods in Geology
The students’ need in the different field methods is highly needed especially in field works and project reports. It is also important to develop their skills in reading.
2. List the basic fundamentals of Structural Geology
Structural Geology is highly needed in engineering feats and projects, it is very important to know the basic fundamentals of it to fully understand what is the content all about.
3. Outline the geological evolution of an area
It is essential that students must not only focus on the future developments of an area but also to its past geological events. Past geological events resolve the issues facing by the future developments.
4. Scrutinize the Steno’s law
Scrutinizing the Steno’s law is very crucial in the issue that includes geomorphology, geophysics and geochemistry. The students’ knowledge must be augmented to fully understand the geological actions that include computations and reasoning.
5. Analyze the Law of Uniformitarianism
The law of Uniformitarianism along with Steno’s law is highly needed by the students because they need the wide reading about the law, the proponents of it and its legislature to the geological events and developments.
6. Explain the evidences in Polar magnetism
With the advent of climate change in our world nowadays, students’ interest about polar magnetism increases as one of the predictors of atmospheric and weathering change. Explanation about these phenomena is very crucial because geologist must not only good in writing geological reports but also able to address those issues in the real setting.
7. Discuss the Geomorphic processes
The students’ needs in discussing Geomorphic processes in valuable as key contributor to the plate tectonic movements and motion that causes sudden earthquakes and other landforms activity. The students must able to express and transmit ideas with clarity, formality and accurately as the academic setting is concern.
8. Verbalize the coastal and marine processes and landforms
It’s a challenge that the coastal and marine processes have also one of the contributors of geological movement and destruction. Students’ concern is highly needed especially our country is bounded with large oceans and seas. The need to verbalize processes and landforms will help them to fully utilize their knowledge in a real context.
9. Concentrate risk management and project planning
Developing the skills in risk managing and planning are also valuable as our country is subject to different geological movements and destruction. Therefore, the students must able to formulate risk and safety measures to avoid or to lessen destruction caused by geological phenomena.
10. Name the causes of plate motion
Naming the causes of plate motion is significantly one of the large parts that constitute Geology. Therefore, the students’ ability to name the motion under the earth will give a wide study on the causes that might also contributing factor that changes Geological landforms.
Manifestations in Learning a Second Language
In the development of the holophrastic stage of the acquiring language, a child absorbs different words first, and then expresses those words to communicate with the world. For instance, the child may associate simple words the parent says with the appropriate activity or object such as the words: mama, daddy, ball, dog, up, cookie, go, and bye-bye. Nevertheless, at about eight months of age before the holophrastic stage, the child's babbling changes to a more sophisticated form of babbling. He begins to jabber sounds as if it contains questions, commands, and statements. In fact, the child learns the melody and rhythm of adult sentences. For example, he picks out the accented syllable in a word and doubles it to produces "da-da" for daddy, "ga-ga" for all gone, or "na-na" for banana.
The previously mentioned jargon stage, which is when a child uses, may be word of a particular group to communicate, in a child's language development leads to the holophrastic stage. He develops his first expressive language skills with the use of his first words. It is important to understand that the first words he may say do not necessarily mean the same thing to his as they do to the parent. To the child in this stage a whole sentences worth of meaning may be "Milk!", which could mean "Give me some more milk!" The parent most likely can quickly understand what her child is saying. We listen for clues, and then the mother may respond, "You want more milk?" The child takes the main word(s), and uses those to express.
The researcher, tough, interviewed several mothers about how many words could they recall saying at 12 months. The majority of the mothers noted that their child first put together two words just before or just after his second birthday. During the first months of life, the baby increases in his motor control skills meaning he is able to take up a range of postures, move him from place to place. As well, his voice comes more under his control, so the child begins to discover the different sounds he can produce. In fact, according to Tough, the baby's own development and expectations of his parents and others, lead to the beginning of his first words. These words may appear towards the end of the first year, but it seems generally the child begins to use these words to communicate.
The baby's first words like utterances which carry a range of meanings, are seen tools, which help him to differentiate his experiences. An adult leads a child to the developing of classification of words. For example, the child may say a word "ball", and demonstrate the use of it by using his own and the adult's use of the word in reference to his own particular ball.
The previously mentioned jargon stage, which is when a child uses, may be word of a particular group to communicate, in a child's language development leads to the holophrastic stage. He develops his first expressive language skills with the use of his first words. It is important to understand that the first words he may say do not necessarily mean the same thing to his as they do to the parent. To the child in this stage a whole sentences worth of meaning may be "Milk!", which could mean "Give me some more milk!" The parent most likely can quickly understand what her child is saying. We listen for clues, and then the mother may respond, "You want more milk?" The child takes the main word(s), and uses those to express.
The researcher, tough, interviewed several mothers about how many words could they recall saying at 12 months. The majority of the mothers noted that their child first put together two words just before or just after his second birthday. During the first months of life, the baby increases in his motor control skills meaning he is able to take up a range of postures, move him from place to place. As well, his voice comes more under his control, so the child begins to discover the different sounds he can produce. In fact, according to Tough, the baby's own development and expectations of his parents and others, lead to the beginning of his first words. These words may appear towards the end of the first year, but it seems generally the child begins to use these words to communicate.
The baby's first words like utterances which carry a range of meanings, are seen tools, which help him to differentiate his experiences. An adult leads a child to the developing of classification of words. For example, the child may say a word "ball", and demonstrate the use of it by using his own and the adult's use of the word in reference to his own particular ball.
How to write project papers
To work on a project and to prepare the paper on the project are different things. But, you can do it simultaneously and that helps you a lot. It speeds your things up and helps you to move forward in a more organized way.
• At first, make a rough outline which will of course change as your work progresses. But, that doesn’t matter. It will give you the start.
• Maintain a logical flow. If your outline is done properly, it will automatically be OK.
A project paper usually follows this conventional style-
• Title Fly – A page displaying only the title. You should build your title around the five Ws: who, what, where, when, why and one H that is, how.
• Title Page – A page displaying the title, identification of the writer and recipient, and date.
• Authorization Message – It is included only when a message authorized the report.
• Transmittal Message – A message transmitting the report. It will be of such a language as if you are handing over the paper in person. So, use conversational language. Here, you include some comments about the project paper which would have made in a face to face communication.
• Table of contents, list of illustrations etc.
• Executive summary – It is actually the report in miniature. Include all the major facts, analyses and conclusions. It should not be more than 1/8th of the total size of the report. In fact, 1/8th is sometimes too long.
In the introduction chapter, state clearly what your project is about. This will include the origin, objective, scope, problem history, methodology and limitation of the project. This chapter actually prepares the reader to receive the paper.
While writing the body, keep the following things in mind-
• Report the facts as they are.
• Beware of unreliable and unrepresentative data.
• Do not oversimplify.
• Do not interpret a lack of evidence as a proof to the contrary.
• Do not compare incomparable data.
• Consult with others.
The ending of the report achieves the purpose of the report. Use conclusion if the purpose of your project is to reach an answer. Use recommendation if the purpose is to determine a desirable action.
The items such as questionnaire, working papers which support the paper but have no specific place are placed into the appendix. The descriptive sources of secondary data will be in bibliography.
• At first, make a rough outline which will of course change as your work progresses. But, that doesn’t matter. It will give you the start.
• Maintain a logical flow. If your outline is done properly, it will automatically be OK.
A project paper usually follows this conventional style-
• Title Fly – A page displaying only the title. You should build your title around the five Ws: who, what, where, when, why and one H that is, how.
• Title Page – A page displaying the title, identification of the writer and recipient, and date.
• Authorization Message – It is included only when a message authorized the report.
• Transmittal Message – A message transmitting the report. It will be of such a language as if you are handing over the paper in person. So, use conversational language. Here, you include some comments about the project paper which would have made in a face to face communication.
• Table of contents, list of illustrations etc.
• Executive summary – It is actually the report in miniature. Include all the major facts, analyses and conclusions. It should not be more than 1/8th of the total size of the report. In fact, 1/8th is sometimes too long.
In the introduction chapter, state clearly what your project is about. This will include the origin, objective, scope, problem history, methodology and limitation of the project. This chapter actually prepares the reader to receive the paper.
While writing the body, keep the following things in mind-
• Report the facts as they are.
• Beware of unreliable and unrepresentative data.
• Do not oversimplify.
• Do not interpret a lack of evidence as a proof to the contrary.
• Do not compare incomparable data.
• Consult with others.
The ending of the report achieves the purpose of the report. Use conclusion if the purpose of your project is to reach an answer. Use recommendation if the purpose is to determine a desirable action.
The items such as questionnaire, working papers which support the paper but have no specific place are placed into the appendix. The descriptive sources of secondary data will be in bibliography.
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